Dr Anna Regner

In recent years much attention has been paid to early intervention and assisting development in the infant. Results of research by Polish and foreign authors on the active development of infants have created a basis for the development of a system of exercises zabawowym, as a result of the systematic application of their results are visible in every growing child. For the first year of life to observe a period of dynamic development of motor. Children with developmental problems, thanks to brain plasticity development¹, have chances to equalize the deficits. The concept of brain plasticity has introduced a Polish scholar Jerzy Konorski in 1948. Yield ground by Konorskiego are morphological changes in synaptic. Thanks to research the concept is getting the extension. Today it is considered that the conditions for brain plasticity processes of learning and adaptation of the brain to receive incentives from the sensory receptors and allows corrective process after damage to the brain as a result of physical injuries, diseases or degenerative process of aging.

Research conducted by M. Przetacznikową², on the development of children under the age of three, revealed that the movements of child poverty, low mobility and learning about the environment and, above all, little contact with adults leads inevitably to halt development. Communication with adult children and providing them with traffic favors or even determine a correct development. Active encouragement of the development of infants through calisthenics and massage soft, which weakens the movement to improve voltage anxiety, reduces or niedowrażliwość sensory sensitivity, decreased tendency to weep, leads to physical and mental activity, increases the efficiency of learning new functions. It will also contribute to the development of speech.

Baby Massage

A gentle baby massage is a traditional part of care in many cultures, inter alia, Asia, Africa, India. Among the tribal communities massaging the newly-born children in order to boost their mechanisms of adaptation and resistance to disease.
Children who, for various reasons, were born prematurely or are at risk of disability, as well as children with disabilities require highly sensitive care to give them a sense of security.
³ Peter Walker believes that in the early period of life the child's touch is one of the most important senses. In a state of Gujarat in western India massage immediately after birth and child położnice for twelve days. Stimulation through touch, especially mild massage produces physiological and psychological changes in the body. This exercise strengthens muscles, stimulates circulation, bringing relief at wzdęciach and obstrukcjach. The undoubted benefits of massage is developing and strengthening ties between the child and his parents.
According to Z. Prochowicza 3 therapeutic massage as an incentive to improve the mechanical affects mental fitness losses in pathological states. The scope and methods of using massage depend on the current level of maturity and plasticity of the nervous system, organs of the state of motion and exercise capacity of the internal organs. Gently massaged have beneficial effects on internal organs. Massage stimulates, because the immune system and circulatory system, assisted by heart rate, respiration and digestion.
Important as a backing skin sensory perception, is the main means of communication. It is the outer layer of the central nervous system, which receives the impression of heat, touch, and affect the physiological and emotional processes.
Children with zaburzonym feeling surface (or hypersensitive niedowrażliwość) require different forms of touch.
One of the ways is habituacja ³ habit dotykowych through incentives to systematically increase the intensity of stimulation. Habituację intertwine be dehabituacją through graduation mild intensity of oppression (changing the direction of the impact on the touch receptors).
Stimulating start from less sensitive areas such as the back or legs. Touch the massage effect on stimulating the development of the child's motor, is also influencing the development of cognitive (thinking, memory, speech) and emotional. It helps loosen and relax the children, which affects their sense of security.
In the first months of life, it seems desirable to use massage SHANT as in the case of children of illegal muscular tension, to compensate for these irregularities. In addition, it takes on the right proksymodystalnego development. According to this law, any movements are developing from those in the vicinity of the body axis up to those in outlying parts of the body 3.
The infant massage, it is advisable to adopt massaging the following order: chest, hands, hands, stomach, legs, feet, back, face. Below is present only selected elements of the various parts of the body massage used in infants.

Chest

Proper muscle tension chest, arm and abdominal body to provide the optimum growing amount of oxygen.
Starting from the chest massage the child first appears barkowym control of the pond, then łokciowym, and finally on hand.
Massage conduct a traffic głaszczącym from żebrowych bends in the direction of the arms, then move diagonally right hand from left żebrowych bends to the right arm and left hand - from the righteous żebrowych bends to the left arm.

	Lines means the direction of motion of hands

Figure 1 Massage chest (Miosga No. 2005)

Figure 2 Massage chest (Miosga No. 2005)

Hands

Gently gładzimy alternating hands child, moving the hand forms a ring from the shoulder up along the arm in the direction of the hand, pressure is variable depending on the type of muscle tone.

Figure 3 Massage hand (M. Borkowska 1997)

Hands

Kciukami gładzimy hand of a child of articulation to the fingers, then the entire palm głaszczące also performs the movements of articulation to the Palcom. We use different variants of the hand massage, depending on the type of tension (hipotoniczny or hipertoniczny).

Figure 4 Massage hands (Miosga No. 2005)

Abdomen

The child lies on his back, palms flat massage alternately from the lower ribs down in the stomach, then gładzimy in a similar way the forearm in the same direction, the other hand looms in the leg during the child up. It is also recommended to massage the abdomen in the direction consistent with the directions of the clock, to stimulate employment colon.
The most recent medical research has shown the existence of a large number of nerve cells in the intestine thin, which for that reason that can be called "little brain" ³. Muscle ache react to our emotions - napinają as they boimy, or zestresowani and we are worried, rozluźniają when it comes relaxation.

Figure 5 Massage the abdomen movement (M. Borkowska 1997)

Legs

Small child exercises spontaneously kopiąc feet into the air. In the course when he straightens Ugine and strengthens joints and muscles of the legs. That the child can sit, get up and walk must have strong legs, hips and a strong flexible joints. To help your child achieve such efficiency should be systematically carried out massage the feet. Massage can perform the same as that of the upper limbs, the first movements głaszczące from thigh to the feet, then moves screw in the same direction. In the next podeszwę massaging the feet, using the techniques kneading, pocierania and vibration ring style. How important is the role of the rate may supply a fact that is dedicated to teaching ago called Reflexology ⁴. Reflexology is a method of treatment involving the uciskaniu points (reflections) on the rate. Each of these points corresponds to a specific internal organ or body part. By massage reflections boost blood circulation and stimulates the nervous system. In addition, relaxing massage of the feet and rozluźniająco works the whole body.

Back

The body is so strong, how strong are back, which they uphold. From the strength and flexibility depends on the efficiency of the spine of the nervous system, body posture, proper breathing, relaxation of muscle ache and ease digestion ₄.
The child lies on the belly across on the legs therapist. Well naoliwionym hands, traffic moves głaszczącym hands from the arms to loins. Then, one hand massaging the back of the neck to the buttocks, and the other hand is opposed by hand massage, placed on the buttocks. The purpose of strengthening the muscles spine oklepujemy laid in the shape of your hands vigorously łódeczki baby from the arms back to the loins.

	Continuous line indicates the direction of the return movement from the shoulder to pośladku	Continuous line indicates the direction of the back massage

Figure 6 back massage (Borkowska M. 1997, Miosga No. 2005)

Face

Massage your face always have to start with modeling, or exercises in preparation for the basic massage. Mileage modeling begins with the mobilization of the skin head, gently massage opuszkami fingers rozcięgno naczaszne. Very carefully by muscle potyliczno-leading, slowly stretches the muscles to the front. Then mobilize the muscle and temporal muscle paunch, and in turn the muscles of the eyes, muscles przynosowe, elevator upper lips and nose wings and circular muscle lips. The next step is mobilizing the bottom cheeks and mouth. Depending on the type of problems the child after so prepared to continue the mobilization of muscle massage ustno-twarzowego. In accordance with the law cefalokaudalnym any movements appear first in the head, and then continue to include parts of the body toward the feet. Having regard to the correctness, should be stressed that children do not control their own body movements plays an important role massage the face, mouth and tongue. Muscle located on the body parts are used to perform many operations. Take part in the movements necessary to feed (choke, odgryzania, chewing, swallowing), affect the development of organ artykulacyjnego, and indirectly on the nutritional status of the organism³.
Massage is preparing to exercise movement and a unique form of parental care. Exercise regularly repeated increase the overall efficiency of the child's physical planning and allow for additional types of improvement, which is gymnastics.

The movement to improve - soft gymnastics

The development of the child depends on the maturity of the nervous system, so we can not accelerate development, if the nervous system is not sufficiently prepared. Babies learn new skills by observing the environment and perform simple operations such as the capture. Fun hands wprawnego helps them learn how to operate, develop coordination, visual ability also develops mental illness.
In the first three months after birth, education is limited primarily to care. Persist even residue from the embrionalnego such as muscle tension throughout the body, squat legs, bending arms and crimping fist since flexor and rectifiers not yet offset their tensions (are more strained flexor). The purpose of training exercises in this phase will be to equalize the trunk muscle tension , Arm and hand and leg muscles in the ankle and knee. The balance muscle tension also promotes later development of tricks and coordinated movements ³.
Now the next three months (4-6 meters), at that time to prepare through calisthenics to deal with soft seating position.
In the period between 7-12 meters shall be comprehensively developing motion exercises, but above all to prepare the child seat, and raczkowania standing. In the case of healthy children after the first year of life improve, they acquired the ability to walk. At the same time it must be remembered that the pace of development of each child is very personalized.
Children with delayed development psychoruchowym require longer training psychoruchowego improvement, which is in accordance with the natural sequence of development of the child's motor. Begins, and thus on shaping attitudes and movements in a lying position, the ability to change this position in the higher 3. Due to the abnormal movement of most of the damage the central nervous system exercises are aimed at: the arrangement head when antygrawitacyjnym, supported on the hands, reflexes maintain balance.
Incentives operating on the sense of balance have an impact on almost all muscle tension. Therefore action on this sense is a kind of exercises the entire camera muscular disorders. The analyzer connected with the traffic is a sense of kinestetyczny. This is the body's ability to receive incentives related to the body and its amendments. Stimulation of this sense includes boosting the sense of balance and sense of stawowo-muscular disorders ³.
In order to further develop the skills, it would be to ensure child's safety, hence the majority of exercises should be carried out on the floor.
Wrong attitude is most often associated with pathological benchmark arrangement the head, neck and rim barkowej. Those parts of the body are key points that control and affect the strength and abnormal limb muscle tension. Longitudinal Through these points can therefore affect the inhibition pathological physical ³.
General mobility can be achieved primarily by an easing too strong and relaxed muscle tension and by wyuczenie traffic flow and improve the overall coordination of movement and control over her own body.
For this exercise are shown in different positions equivalent to the use of appropriate control points (rim Barge, miedniczna or chest), through which precipitated a child with balance, in order to bear, based on the head and hands.

Figure tilt of the child sitting on the ball (M. Borkowska 1997)

An important element of this course is to control the head. It usually consists in the recovery of "Look at me" and "Look at mom, mirror." Showing interesting objects at such a height, sensed the need to bear alone the head.
To strengthen the muscles of the spine needed to maintain a balance head, it is lying on the belly of the shaft, zrolowanym blanket or wedge into the thorax.

Figure 7 lying on my stomach with the use of roller (Kielin J. 2002)

One of the elements of the program and educational rewalidacyjno is somatognozja³. Elements of exercises in this range can be used during massage naming specific parts of the body, while stimulation of different materials invoice, and when you dress and cutting the naming of individual body parts and clothing.
Various forms of sensory stimulation improves the senses of surface and depth, enhance the capabilities of the child's movement. Own body image is also the experience of a change in position by rolling and rotating to balance, Hust in hamaku, at the wheel spindle rehabilitation. Zjeżdżanie legs after parents with head down, you can sense the changing speed and direction of movement, as well as the feeling of her body.
Exercises and games for the discovery of the body's own often take place in front of the mirror. In the work on building awareness of the body schema can also use the program activity Knill. Assisting the activity of mobility with musical accompaniment to help children in developing body schema and increase control over their movements. Polisensoryczne traffic and experience the world with (sight, hearing, touch, sensation, balance) which relate to the child's cognitive development.
All impulses from the body by some creature cancellous to bark brain, both the hemisphere, and the hill-brained. All these structures are the main areas of the brain sensory integration. To allow your child to learn through therapy to improve the stimulation of the brain. Sensory stimuli through the formation reticulate bark stimulate brain that gives importance dopływającym sygnałom and interprets them³.
Trusts cancellous aims to boost the overall state of arousal, ready for the perception and action ³. In order to boost and maintain a state of readiness for work, so as to improve concentration during the study, we provide incentives dotykowych (massage), taste and węchowych (primarily the smell of lemon, świerkowy, lavender). They had a significant impact on the agitation tworu siatkowatego responsible for Aktywizowanie working brain.
During the stimulation becoming ustno-developed organs of speech by vibrating massage based on a concept Castillo Morales³, and we provide incentives taste for conspicuous taste (such as honey, lemon juice, jam, mustard, salt, sugar, cinnamon, pepper, chocolate). It serves to recognize a savory science, visual and adopt the names of these products and flavors. Variety, novelty, the volatility is a very important factors to stimulate brain activity and to keep it on standby. In the course of such exercises should be careful not to burden the nervous system of a small child.
An important type of incentives through the cancellous composition are related to incentives, benefits from the strength of gravity and changes in the position of the head with respect to the earth. Auricular organ helps to maintain the central nervous system in the state of balance and an adequate level of arousal. Which are tailored exercises motor activity antechamber facilitate the processes of learning the child.
I am convinced that bringing small children to adults while playing better foster the development of mobility psychomotorycznemu.